Measurement
Q: Can you convert one unit to another?
A: Yes, for example, cm to m is 100 which is 10^2
The following is some of the common prefixes:
Factor Prefix Symbol
10^9 Giga- G
10^6 Mega- M
10^3 Kilo- k
10^-1 Deci- d
10^-2 Centi- c
10^-3 Milli- m
10^-6 Micro- µ
10^-9 Nano- n
Sadly, some aren’t affected by the table…
For example as you all know, Kelvin to Celsius, its +273…
Q: What is the precision of each measuring instrument?
A: It is the smallest unit an instrument can measure. In the meter rule, it’s 0.1cm or 1mm.
Q: Do you now how to avoid errors in using vernier and micrometer?
A: Both:
- check the zero error
- position your eye directly above the markings to avoid parallax errors
Kinematics
Q: What is speed? Velocity? Acceleration? Distance? Displacement? (and how to calculate)
A: Speed is distance moved per unit time (S or V = D/T)
Velocity is change in displacement per unit time
Displacement is a distance in a specified direction (upward? sideward? downward?)
Acceleration is the change in velocity with time (A = (v – u)/t) v&u = final&initial vel.
Q: What is free-fall motion?
A: It is a constant acceleration in which the speed is in 10 m/s (rounded off from 9.8)
Q: What is terminal velocity? And what happens to acceleration during terminal velocity?
A: It is the maximum constant velocity, and the acceleration in this is zero (yeah, 0).
The line is straight to the right (of course) in constant with no acceleration! ---- like this.
Forces
Q: What is force? And the unit used?
A: Simple, it is a push or pull one objects exerts on another. It produces or stops motion (or tends to). The unit used is Newton (N)
Q: What are the types of forces?
A: Contact force: Fn (towards and 90° to the object)
Weight: w (downward from the object)
Friction: f (opposite the motion, parallel to the surface)
Tension: T (always away from the object, along the thing pulling the object)
Resistance: only found in fluids
Electric force: between electric charges
Magnetic forces: S or N? lol! Only in magnets.
Q: What is the difference between scalar and vector quantities?
A: Scalar quantities are physical quantities that have magnitude only, which are: distance speed energy time volume density power
Vector quantities are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction, which are: displacement velocity force acceleration (just remember, DVFA)
Q: What is a resultant force?
A: Resultant force is the force acting to a direction when there are two forces available(I think) When it is 0, it is in an equilibrium state.
Q: What is the effect of forces on movement?
A: It can stop, accelerate or decelerate it
Q: What is Newton’s second law equation?
A: F=ma
Q: When is friction a) useful, b) nuisance?
A: a) braking, holding pair of chopsticks
b) Reduce efficiency of cars by 20%, cause wear and tear of moving parts in engines, motors and machines.
Mass Weight and Density
Q: Can you differentiate mass and weight?
A: Easy, mass = kg, weight = N, and weight is towards to the centre of the earth.
Q: What is the value of gravitational field strength?
A: 10 N/kg or 10m/s in Earth, and 1.6 N/kg or 1.6m/s in Moon.
Q: How do you measure mass and weight?
A: Mass = weight x gravitational field strength
Q: What is inertia?
A: It refers to the reluctance of the object to change its state of rest or motion.
It depends on mass, the larger the mass the greater its inertia.
Q: What is density?
A: It is the mass per unit volume of a substance (density [p] = mass [kg] / volume [m³])
Q: How to calculate weight if given density or volume of an object?
A: Refer to the equations above.
Moments
Q: What does moment of a force measure?
A: It measures the turning effect.(Moment of a force [Nm]= Force x Distance from pivot
Q: How to describe moment of a force?
A: State its magnitude [Nm] and its direction (CounterClockWise [CCW] or ClockWise)
Q: What is principle of moments?
A: when in equilibrium (Resultant moment = 0), clockwise = counter-clockwise
Q: What is stability? And how to increase it?
A: It is the ability of an object to return to its original position after tilted slightly.
We can increase it by widening its base area and lower its centre of gravity.
Q: List the three cases of equilibrium.
A: Stable – centre of gravity rises but falls back
Unstable – centre of gravity falls further and further
Neutral – centre of gravity remains at the level of its support
Q: When will object start to topple (fall)?
A: it start to topple when its centre of gravity isn’t at the base.
Work, Energy and Power
Q: What is energy?
A: It is the capacity to do work. It is in Joules (J)
Q: What are the different forms of energy?
A: Kinetic energy, Potential energy. There are 3 potential energies, which are elastic, gravitational, and chemical.
Q: What is conservation of energy?
A: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be converted by changing its form. Still, the amounts remains.
Q: When is kinetic and gravitational potential energy at its maximum?
A: When object is at a higher position, it has greater gravitational than kinetic.
When the object is at its lowest position, it has the greatest kinetic than gravitational.
Q: What is the equation for potential and kinetic energy?
A: For potential, it is Energy(potential) = mass · gravity · height.
In kinetic, it is Energy(kinetic) = ½ mass · velocity²
Q: What is work?
A: Work is given by the product of force and the distance moved by the object. (in a direction) The equation is: W = F · s
Q: What is the force need to lift an object?
A: The object’s mass. (if you’re not moving)
Q: What is the force needed to push an object up an inclined plane?
A: Tricky. First find the Force (mass · height/length). Then, Work = Force x distance.
I’m not sure but, you can easily find it by mass / height.
Q: What is power? And its unit?
A: Power is rate of work done or rate of energy conversion (power = work/time = energy/time). The unit is Watt or Joule / second.
Pressure
Q: What is pressure? Its unit?
A: Pressure is force acting per unit area (P = F/A). Unit is Pa or N/m². The lesser the area, the more pressure.
Q: How to calculate pressure in liquid and What are the things affecting it?
A: P=height · density · gravity. It is the depth and density.
Q: What is the value of atmospheric pressure?
A: It is 1.013 x 10^5 Pa at sea level.
Q: What is Pascal’s principle?
A: pressure in a confined liquid is equally transmitted. (P1 = P2, F1/A1=F2/A2
Q: What does hydraulic machine do?
A: Stop a car and control the speed of a car.
Q: What is the equation for atmospheric pressure?
A: Same like water except that its pressure is 1.01 x 10^5 Pa
Q: What is the instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure?
A: mercury barometer, (consists of thich walled glass of 1m, vacuum, mercury, and metre rule)
Temperature
Q: What are the physical properties that change with temperature?
A: Volume of a mass of liquid, Electrical voltage, Electrical resistance of a piece of metal, Pressure of a mass of gas at constant vol.
Q: How to construct a thermometer?
A: Choose an appropriate substance (mercury or alcohol), choose two fixed points, set up the scale.
Q: What is the equation for Celsius scale?
A: Celsius= (x – 0 / 100 – 0) x 100, where x is the height stated, and 100 is the height in which the thermometer is in 100 (so do the 0)
Q: What is the conversion of Kelvin to Celsius?
A: Celsius + 273 = Kelvin
Q: What is the equation for a thermocouple?
A: (x – 0)/(100 – 0) = (voltage – 0)/(voltage in the difference of 100-0)
Where as x = a specified temperature
Kinetic Model of Matter
Q: Why does solids liquids and gases have different densities in terms of Kinetic model?
A: Liquid and solid molecules are closely packed (quite packed for liquid), so they have high densities. Gas molecules are far apart so they have low densities.
Q: What is brownian motion and how does it occur?
A: Brownian motion is the irregular motion of smoke particles in air, as the gas particles are bombarded by the air molecules.
Q: What is pressure in gas due to?
A: It is due to the collision of gas molecules with the walls of container
Q: Give the equation for Pressure-temperature relationship.
A: (P1 · V1) / T1 = (P2 · V2) / T2
Q: Give the equation for Volume-temperature relationship.
A: P= 1/volume
Q: Give the relationship between pressure-temperature.
A: Increase in temperature = Increase in kinetic energy = increase in speed of particles = increase of bumping of the particles to the walls = greater pressure.
i spent about 2 hours on this.. it must help you! hope it helps
all credits goes to : gio
and whoever for the edits..